At the time of British colonial
the rule when the British government is ruling over India.
Gandhi Ji demanded eleven rules in which two extra added rules are
civil disobedience and salt march.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT—
In civil disobedience, they will not obey the British government and also said that fulfil their demands till
11 march and if the British government does not fulfil their demands till 11 march so Gandhi Ji will start a new campaign known as salt march also known as a dandi march.
Many people participated in this movement and it let to success but
at last the British government arrested all the people including Gandhi Ji and started punishing and beating all the people and asked Gandhi Ji that if he agrees for a second round table conference in London. Then they will acquit all the people.
Afterwards, Gandhi Ji agree to this
And the Britishers leave all the people.
In December 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. When Gandhiji returned back to India he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression. Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.
By seeing that Gandhiji thought to relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The rich peasants like Patidar of a Gujarat and jats of UttarPradesh became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Movement. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government revenue demand.
But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participants.
And the peoples start demanded no rent campaign.
During the first world war, Indian merchants and industrialist had made a huge profit and become powerful.
They started reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian chamber of commerce and industries(FICCI) in 1927.
They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was launched. But after the failure of the Civil Disobedience Movement, they felt disappointed and they did not participate in the civil disobedience movement this time.
Whereas Women participate in Civil Disobedience at large number.
It is not over yet not all the peoples are participated in the civil disobedience movement.
THE LIMITS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj.
One such group was the nation's "untouchables", who from around 1930s had begun to call themselves Dalit or oppressed.
For long the Congress leaders ignored the Dalits from the fear of offending the satanic, the conservative high caste Hindus.
But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the untouchables Harijan or children of God.
Gandhiji organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi(the sweepers) and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the sin of untouchability.
But many Dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.
They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose Dalit members for legislative councils.
Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was quite strong.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar who organised the Dalits into Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits.
When the British government conceded Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji position and the result was the Poona pact of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in the provincial and central legislative council, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the congress.
From the mid-1920s the congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
As relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities.
The Congress and the Muslim League made efforts to renegotiate an alliance, and in 1927 it appeared that such a unity could be forged.
The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslim were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces.
Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R.jayakar if the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.
When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.
Alienated from the congress, large sections of Muslim could not respond to the call for a united struggle.
Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India.
They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
So I hope you understand the story behind civil disobedience movement.
the rule when the British government is ruling over India.
Gandhi Ji demanded eleven rules in which two extra added rules are
civil disobedience and salt march.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT—
In civil disobedience, they will not obey the British government and also said that fulfil their demands till
11 march and if the British government does not fulfil their demands till 11 march so Gandhi Ji will start a new campaign known as salt march also known as a dandi march.
Many people participated in this movement and it let to success but
at last the British government arrested all the people including Gandhi Ji and started punishing and beating all the people and asked Gandhi Ji that if he agrees for a second round table conference in London. Then they will acquit all the people.
Afterwards, Gandhi Ji agree to this
And the Britishers leave all the people.
In December 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed. When Gandhiji returned back to India he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression. Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.
By seeing that Gandhiji thought to relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
The rich peasants like Patidar of a Gujarat and jats of UttarPradesh became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Movement. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government revenue demand.
But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participants.
And the peoples start demanded no rent campaign.
During the first world war, Indian merchants and industrialist had made a huge profit and become powerful.
They started reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian chamber of commerce and industries(FICCI) in 1927.
They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was launched. But after the failure of the Civil Disobedience Movement, they felt disappointed and they did not participate in the civil disobedience movement this time.
Whereas Women participate in Civil Disobedience at large number.
It is not over yet not all the peoples are participated in the civil disobedience movement.
THE LIMITS OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj.
One such group was the nation's "untouchables", who from around 1930s had begun to call themselves Dalit or oppressed.
For long the Congress leaders ignored the Dalits from the fear of offending the satanic, the conservative high caste Hindus.
But Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the untouchables Harijan or children of God.
Gandhiji organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi(the sweepers) and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the sin of untouchability.
But many Dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.
They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose Dalit members for legislative councils.
Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was quite strong.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar who organised the Dalits into Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits.
When the British government conceded Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji position and the result was the Poona pact of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in the provincial and central legislative council, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the congress.
From the mid-1920s the congress came to be more visibly associated with openly Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
As relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organised religious processions with militant fervour, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities.
The Congress and the Muslim League made efforts to renegotiate an alliance, and in 1927 it appeared that such a unity could be forged.
The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslim were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces.
Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R.jayakar if the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.
When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was thus an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities.
Alienated from the congress, large sections of Muslim could not respond to the call for a united struggle.
Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India.
They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
So I hope you understand the story behind civil disobedience movement.
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