The working together of various organs of a living organism in a systematic, controlled and efficient way to produce a proper response to various stimuli is known as coordination.
All living organisms have a well-organised system, which provides them with control and coordination.
CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS:-
In animals including humans, the nervous system along with muscular tissue is the control centre of the body. It consists of highly specialised cells called neurons, nerves and neural organs that link, coordinate and control the activities of different organs in the body.
NERVE CELL OR NEURON:-
The information from the environment is detected by the nerve cells called neurons. They are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
A neuron is the longest cell of the human body. The nervous tissue is made up of a network of nerve cells or neurons.
STRUCTURE OF NEURON OR NERVE CELL:
The neuron is composed of the following main parts:
* Cell body or Byron
It is the broadly rounded part of the neuron. It has a central nucleus, abundant cytoplasm and various cell organelles except for centrioles.
* Dendrites
There are the protoplasmic, branched processes of the cell body, which receive and transmit the stimulus.
* Axon
These are a long,fibre-like cytoplasmic process. They conduct impulses away from the cell body. The axon may be covered by a protective sheath called myelin sheath.
* Nerve ending
There are the fine branch-like terminations of neurons.
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM:
The components of the nervous system can be divided as:
1.. Central Nervous System(CNS):
It comprises the brain and spinal cord. It receives information from all parts of the body and integrates it.
2.. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS):
Communication between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the peripheral nervous system.
It consists of cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(CNS):
It consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
HUMAN BRAIN:
The human brain is the main coordinating centre of the body, which enables an organism to think and take decisions. The thinking of the brain involves more complex mechanisms and neural connections. The human brain receives information from the sense organs, interprets it and sends instructions to the muscles or other effectors.
The three main regions or parts found in the human brain are as follows:
*** FOREBRAIN:
It is the largest, most developed and main thinking part of the brain. It receives sensory impulses from various receptors.
It comprises of:
# Cerebrum:
It acts as the main thinking part of the brain. It is responsible for reasoning, speech, intelligence sight, hearing and usage of information.
There are separate areas of association, where sensory information is interpreted by combining the information from other receptors as well as with information that is already stored in the brain are found in the cerebrum itself these are:
# Sensory areas:
Receive sensory impulses from various receptors in skin, muscles, eye, ears and nose.
# Association areas:
Interpret sensory information by relating it to the previous experience and information from the other receptors.
# Motors areas:
Send impulses to muscles and glands. Also, control the movement of voluntary muscles.
# Olfactory lobes:
These are a pair of very small, solid, club-shaped bodies widely separated from each other. These are responsible for detecting the smell from different receptors.
# Hypothalamus:
This part controls the body temperature, urge for eating, drinking, etc.
*** MIDBRAIN:
It connects forebrain to the hindbrain. It controls the movement of head, neck and trunk to locate sounds and visual reflexes that are involved in focussing on the objects. It also controls reflex movements of eye muscles, pupil size etc.
*** HINDBRAIN:
It provides a connection between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. It consists of three parts as given below:
# Cerebellum:
It controls and coordinates different muscular actions. It is responsible for the precision of voluntary actions. It maintains posture and equilibrium of the body during various activities such as walking, drinking, riding, catching etc.
# Pons:
It lies above the medulla and takes part in respiration. It relays impulses between different parts of the brain.
# Medulla oblongata:
It is found continuously with the spinal cord. It controls involuntary actions such as breathing, blood pressure(BP) etc.., and regulates reflex responses like salivation and vomiting.
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BRAIN:
Major functions of the human brain are:
* It coordinates activities of the body so that mechanism and hormonal reactions of the bodywork together.
* It receives information-carrying nerve impulses from all the sensory organs of the body.
* It correlates the various stimulus from different sense organs and produces an appropriate response.
* It responds to the impulses brought in by sensory organs by sending its own instructions to the muscles and glands causing them to function accordingly.
* It stores information so that the behaviour of human beings can be modified according to past experiences.
SPINAL CORD:
It is a long, tubular bundle of nervous tissue arising from the medulla oblongata. It functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
Protection of Human Brain and Spinal Cord:
The brain is a very delicate organ and is important for a variety of activities. The body is designed in such a way that the brain sits inside a bony box, inside which fluid-filled balloon provides further shock absorption. There is a hard, bumpy structure called vertebral column or backbone, present at in the middle of the back, protects, spinal cord.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(PNS):--
It consists of nerves that directly enter or leave the Central Nervous System(CNS) and connect different parts of the body. It consists of following types of nerves, which carry both sensory and motor neurons.
# CRANIAL NERVES:
These are the nerves, which emerge from the brain and spread throughout the head.
# SPINAL NERVES:
These are the nerves, which arise from the spinal cord along most of its length and spread throughout the body.
# VISCERAL NERVES:
These are the special kind of nerves that mostly arise from the spinal cord and are connected to the internal organs of the body.
So this is a basic of control and coordination which happen in the body of every human beings which we should know also in order to get a perfect view regarding science or to get a perfect knowledge regarding science. I hope this article gives you what you want to get.
All living organisms have a well-organised system, which provides them with control and coordination.
CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS:-
In animals including humans, the nervous system along with muscular tissue is the control centre of the body. It consists of highly specialised cells called neurons, nerves and neural organs that link, coordinate and control the activities of different organs in the body.
NERVE CELL OR NEURON:-
The information from the environment is detected by the nerve cells called neurons. They are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
A neuron is the longest cell of the human body. The nervous tissue is made up of a network of nerve cells or neurons.
STRUCTURE OF NEURON OR NERVE CELL:
The neuron is composed of the following main parts:
* Cell body or Byron
It is the broadly rounded part of the neuron. It has a central nucleus, abundant cytoplasm and various cell organelles except for centrioles.
* Dendrites
There are the protoplasmic, branched processes of the cell body, which receive and transmit the stimulus.
* Axon
These are a long,fibre-like cytoplasmic process. They conduct impulses away from the cell body. The axon may be covered by a protective sheath called myelin sheath.
* Nerve ending
There are the fine branch-like terminations of neurons.
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM:
The components of the nervous system can be divided as:
1.. Central Nervous System(CNS):
It comprises the brain and spinal cord. It receives information from all parts of the body and integrates it.
2.. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS):
Communication between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the peripheral nervous system.
It consists of cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(CNS):
It consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
HUMAN BRAIN:
The human brain is the main coordinating centre of the body, which enables an organism to think and take decisions. The thinking of the brain involves more complex mechanisms and neural connections. The human brain receives information from the sense organs, interprets it and sends instructions to the muscles or other effectors.
The three main regions or parts found in the human brain are as follows:
*** FOREBRAIN:
It is the largest, most developed and main thinking part of the brain. It receives sensory impulses from various receptors.
It comprises of:
# Cerebrum:
It acts as the main thinking part of the brain. It is responsible for reasoning, speech, intelligence sight, hearing and usage of information.
There are separate areas of association, where sensory information is interpreted by combining the information from other receptors as well as with information that is already stored in the brain are found in the cerebrum itself these are:
# Sensory areas:
Receive sensory impulses from various receptors in skin, muscles, eye, ears and nose.
# Association areas:
Interpret sensory information by relating it to the previous experience and information from the other receptors.
# Motors areas:
Send impulses to muscles and glands. Also, control the movement of voluntary muscles.
# Olfactory lobes:
These are a pair of very small, solid, club-shaped bodies widely separated from each other. These are responsible for detecting the smell from different receptors.
# Hypothalamus:
This part controls the body temperature, urge for eating, drinking, etc.
*** MIDBRAIN:
It connects forebrain to the hindbrain. It controls the movement of head, neck and trunk to locate sounds and visual reflexes that are involved in focussing on the objects. It also controls reflex movements of eye muscles, pupil size etc.
*** HINDBRAIN:
It provides a connection between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain. It consists of three parts as given below:
# Cerebellum:
It controls and coordinates different muscular actions. It is responsible for the precision of voluntary actions. It maintains posture and equilibrium of the body during various activities such as walking, drinking, riding, catching etc.
# Pons:
It lies above the medulla and takes part in respiration. It relays impulses between different parts of the brain.
# Medulla oblongata:
It is found continuously with the spinal cord. It controls involuntary actions such as breathing, blood pressure(BP) etc.., and regulates reflex responses like salivation and vomiting.
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BRAIN:
Major functions of the human brain are:
* It coordinates activities of the body so that mechanism and hormonal reactions of the bodywork together.
* It receives information-carrying nerve impulses from all the sensory organs of the body.
* It correlates the various stimulus from different sense organs and produces an appropriate response.
* It responds to the impulses brought in by sensory organs by sending its own instructions to the muscles and glands causing them to function accordingly.
* It stores information so that the behaviour of human beings can be modified according to past experiences.
SPINAL CORD:
It is a long, tubular bundle of nervous tissue arising from the medulla oblongata. It functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
Protection of Human Brain and Spinal Cord:
The brain is a very delicate organ and is important for a variety of activities. The body is designed in such a way that the brain sits inside a bony box, inside which fluid-filled balloon provides further shock absorption. There is a hard, bumpy structure called vertebral column or backbone, present at in the middle of the back, protects, spinal cord.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(PNS):--
It consists of nerves that directly enter or leave the Central Nervous System(CNS) and connect different parts of the body. It consists of following types of nerves, which carry both sensory and motor neurons.
# CRANIAL NERVES:
These are the nerves, which emerge from the brain and spread throughout the head.
# SPINAL NERVES:
These are the nerves, which arise from the spinal cord along most of its length and spread throughout the body.
# VISCERAL NERVES:
These are the special kind of nerves that mostly arise from the spinal cord and are connected to the internal organs of the body.
So this is a basic of control and coordination which happen in the body of every human beings which we should know also in order to get a perfect view regarding science or to get a perfect knowledge regarding science. I hope this article gives you what you want to get.
No comments:
Post a Comment