Tense is defined as the form of a verb that gives the relation between Time and Action. Time is the duration of work and action is the work done. Tense gives the time when the action is done.
There are three phases of time...
(i) Present (time that is now)
(ii) Past (time that has passed)
(iii) Future (time that is yet to come)
Let's consider the sentence...........
(a) Hari eats a mango. (Present)
(b) Hari will eat mango. (Future)
(c) Hari ate a mango. (Past)
We can observe that each sentence given above has a different meaning. The reason is that each sentence has a different form of the verb. These different forms of verbs are called tenses. The tense of a verb shows the time of an action or the state of being.
CLASSIFICATION OF TENSE:
There are three types of tenses—
* Present Tense
* Past Tense
* Future Tense
Each tense is further divided into four forms.
PRESENT TENSE–
(Present Indefinite Tense)
(Also Called Simple Present Tense)
This tense is used in the following ways.
For Example: If you do not earn money, you will not buy the house.
There are three phases of time...
(i) Present (time that is now)
(ii) Past (time that has passed)
(iii) Future (time that is yet to come)
Let's consider the sentence...........
(a) Hari eats a mango. (Present)
(b) Hari will eat mango. (Future)
(c) Hari ate a mango. (Past)
We can observe that each sentence given above has a different meaning. The reason is that each sentence has a different form of the verb. These different forms of verbs are called tenses. The tense of a verb shows the time of an action or the state of being.
CLASSIFICATION OF TENSE:
There are three types of tenses—
* Present Tense
* Past Tense
* Future Tense
Each tense is further divided into four forms.
PRESENT TENSE–
- Indefinite
- Continuous
- Perfect
- Perfect Continuous
- Indefinite
- Continuous
- Perfect
- Perfect Continuous
- Indefinite
- Continuous
- Perfect
- Perfect Continuous
(Present Indefinite Tense)
(Also Called Simple Present Tense)
This tense is used in the following ways.
(i) To express habitual action, habit or custom.
For Example, I watch television on Sunday.
(ii) To talk about a general or universal truth.
For Example, Earth revolves around the sun.
(iii) To indicate a future event which is part of a plan or arrangement.
For Example, The school reopens next week.
(iv) To introduce quotes with the verb "says".
For Example, Newton says"Every action has an equal and an opposite reaction".
(v) Vivid narration, as a substitute for the simple past.
For Example, Ravana fights bravely but he is killed in the end.
(vi) Exclamatory sentences that begin with here or there.
For Example: Here you go!
(vii) Time clauses and conditional clauses in place of simple future.
For Example, I watch television on Sunday.
(ii) To talk about a general or universal truth.
For Example, Earth revolves around the sun.
(iii) To indicate a future event which is part of a plan or arrangement.
For Example, The school reopens next week.
(iv) To introduce quotes with the verb "says".
For Example, Newton says"Every action has an equal and an opposite reaction".
(v) Vivid narration, as a substitute for the simple past.
For Example, Ravana fights bravely but he is killed in the end.
(vi) Exclamatory sentences that begin with here or there.
For Example: Here you go!
(vii) Time clauses and conditional clauses in place of simple future.
For Example: If you do not earn money, you will not buy the house.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
# Rules for Negative Sentences
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE—
This tense is used in the following ways........
(i) To describe an action in progress and the continuity of the action.
For example, she is playing tennis.
(ii) An action that is not happening at the time of speaking but is in progress.
For example Rani in an MNC.
(iii) An action that has been prearranged to take place in the near future.
For example, the wedding is going to take place on Sunday.
(iv) Persistent and undesirable habit, especially with adverbs like always, continually etc.
For example, you are always running me down.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
# Rules for Negative Sentences
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways......
(i) To express an action that has recently been completed.
For example, he's just taken tea.
(ii) To describe an action whose time is not given.
For example: Have you done M Sc in maths?
(iii)To describe past events whose effect still exists.
For example, I have finished my work and now I am free.
(iv) To describe actions that started in the past and are continuing until now and possibly will continue into the future.
For example, I have already used this brand of soap.
(v) To show how a past situation relates to the present.
for example, I have done my homework, so I can help you with yours now.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
For example, I have met (v3) her.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
For example, The train has not gone (v3).
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
For example: Has she gone to Delhi?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is also called Present Progressive Tense.
This tense is used in the following ways........
(i) To describe an action that began in past and is still continuing.
For example, has been raining since last night.
(ii) To express an action already completed, but whose effect is still continuing.
For example, I have been running around for the job all day and I m now tired.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
For example, they have been running (v4) for three hours.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
For example, you have not been suffering (v4) from fever for one week.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
For example: Have you been sleeping since 8 o' clock?
PAST TENSE–
(Past Indefinite Tense)
(Also Called Simple Past Tense)
This tense is used in the following ways........
(i) To indicate an action that happened in the past and to report completed actions. It is used often in recounts and narratives.
For example, We closed (v2) the shop at 8 pm.
(ii) To indicate past habits or repeated events that are now over.
For example, I always rode (v2) a bike to school when I was young.
(iii) The habitual past can also be expressed by using 'used to'.
For example, She used to drink tea in the morning.
(iv) Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases, the time may be either implied or indicated by the context.
For example, I learnt Punjabi in Chandigarh.
(v) To indicate another action which happened in the middle of longer action.
For example, The light went out while I was watching my favourite TV serial.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentence
# Rules for Negative Sentences
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.....
(i) To indicate an action that was happening at some time in the past. The time of action may or may not be indicated.
For example, we were watching (v4) TV for the whole evening.
(ii) Used with always, continually etc for persistent habits in the past.
For example, He was always sulking (v4).
(iii) The past continuous is also used for an action that was going on during a given period or at a period of time in the past.
For example: While Rohan was filling (v4) in the hole, his dog was digging (v4) another.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
For example, She was driving (v4) her new car.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
For example, She was not singing (v4) a song.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
For example: Were you eating (v4) a mango?
PAST PERFECT TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.....
(i) To indicate an action that was completed before a definite time or before another action that took place in the past.
For example, Manish reached here after you had gone (v3).
(ii) It indicates desires in the past that have not been fulfilled.
For example, I wish I had not wasted (v3) my time.
(iii) It expresses those condition of the past that were impossible to fulfil.
For example: If you had questioned (v3) him earlier, things would have improved.
# Rule for Affirmative Sentences
# Rules for Negative Sentences
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
For example: Had she watched (v3) a movie?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways......
It indicates an action which began in the past and continued up to a certain point of time in the past.
For example: When we met in Lucknow, she had been studying (v4) in a city college for 3 years.
NOTES:–
*Since is used for point of Time.
*For is used to period time.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
For example, you had been suffering (v4) from fever since Tuesday.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
For example, they had not been going (v4) to the office since the 5th of July.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
FUTURE TENSE–
(Future Indefinite Tense)
(Also called Simple Future Tense)
This tense is used in the following ways......
(i) To say what we believe or think will happen in the future.
For example, I believe she will join the office tomorrow.
(ii) Things which we cannot control and are factual.
For example, The Sun will rise at 6:00 AM.
(iii) To indicate an instant decision.
For example, It is our first meeting anniversary. I shall give you a precious gift.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
For example, He will sell (v1) in his house.
NOTE:–
But nowadays we can use will with the first-person pronoun also i.e I/We.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
For example,Who will help(v1) him?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.......
(i) To indicate an action that will occur in the normal course.
For example, she will be cooking the food tomorrow.
(ii) To indicate an action that will be in progress at a given point of time in the future.
For example, We shall be visiting the zoo at this time tomorrow.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
# Rules for Negative Sentences
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE–
This tense is used to describe an action which will be completed at some point in time in the future.
For example, they will have reached(v3) home by evening.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
# Rules for Negative Sentences
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.......
It describes an action that will be in progress over a period of time that will end in the future.
For example, I shall have been working(v4) round the clock for twenty-two years next April.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
# Rules for Negative Sentences
For example, I shall not have been writing (v4) for half an hour.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
So this all is known as tense which we use in our daily life directly or indirectly while speaking in English.
- Singular subject+first form of verb+ s/es +object
- Plural subject+first form of verb+object
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Singular subject+does not+first form of verb+object
- Plural subject+do not+first form of verb+object
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Helping verb+subject+first form of verb+object
- Question word+Helping verb+subject+first form of verb+object
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE—
This tense is used in the following ways........
(i) To describe an action in progress and the continuity of the action.
For example, she is playing tennis.
(ii) An action that is not happening at the time of speaking but is in progress.
For example Rani in an MNC.
(iii) An action that has been prearranged to take place in the near future.
For example, the wedding is going to take place on Sunday.
(iv) Persistent and undesirable habit, especially with adverbs like always, continually etc.
For example, you are always running me down.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- Singular subject+is/am+first form of verb+ing+object
- Plural subject+are+first form of verb+ing+object
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Singular subject+is/am+not+first form of verb+ing+object
- Plural subject+are+not+first form of verb+ing+object
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- is/are/am+subject+first form of verb+ing+object?
- Question word+is/am/are+subject+first form of verb+ing+object?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways......
(i) To express an action that has recently been completed.
For example, he's just taken tea.
(ii) To describe an action whose time is not given.
For example: Have you done M Sc in maths?
(iii)To describe past events whose effect still exists.
For example, I have finished my work and now I am free.
(iv) To describe actions that started in the past and are continuing until now and possibly will continue into the future.
For example, I have already used this brand of soap.
(v) To show how a past situation relates to the present.
for example, I have done my homework, so I can help you with yours now.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- Singular subject+has+third form of verb+object.
- Plural subject +have third form of verb+object.
For example, I have met (v3) her.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Singular subject+has+not+third form of verb+object.
- Plural subject+have not+third form of verb+object.
For example, The train has not gone (v3).
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Has/have+subject+third form of verb+object.
- Questionword+has/have+subject+third of verb+object.
For example: Has she gone to Delhi?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is also called Present Progressive Tense.
This tense is used in the following ways........
(i) To describe an action that began in past and is still continuing.
For example, has been raining since last night.
(ii) To express an action already completed, but whose effect is still continuing.
For example, I have been running around for the job all day and I m now tired.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- Singular subject+has+been+first form of verb+ing+object+for/since+time.
- Plural subject+have+been+first form of verb+ing+object+for/since+time.
For example, they have been running (v4) for three hours.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Singular subject+has+not+been+first form of verb+ing+object+for/since+time.
- Plural subject+have+not+been+first form of verb+ing+object+for/since+time.
For example, you have not been suffering (v4) from fever for one week.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Has/Have+subject+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time?
- Questionword+has/have+subject+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time?
For example: Have you been sleeping since 8 o' clock?
PAST TENSE–
(Past Indefinite Tense)
(Also Called Simple Past Tense)
This tense is used in the following ways........
(i) To indicate an action that happened in the past and to report completed actions. It is used often in recounts and narratives.
For example, We closed (v2) the shop at 8 pm.
(ii) To indicate past habits or repeated events that are now over.
For example, I always rode (v2) a bike to school when I was young.
(iii) The habitual past can also be expressed by using 'used to'.
For example, She used to drink tea in the morning.
(iv) Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases, the time may be either implied or indicated by the context.
For example, I learnt Punjabi in Chandigarh.
(v) To indicate another action which happened in the middle of longer action.
For example, The light went out while I was watching my favourite TV serial.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentence
- Subject+second form of verb+object
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Subject+did not+first form of verb+object
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Did+subject+first form of verb+object?
- Question word+did+subject+first form of verb+object?
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.....
(i) To indicate an action that was happening at some time in the past. The time of action may or may not be indicated.
For example, we were watching (v4) TV for the whole evening.
(ii) Used with always, continually etc for persistent habits in the past.
For example, He was always sulking (v4).
(iii) The past continuous is also used for an action that was going on during a given period or at a period of time in the past.
For example: While Rohan was filling (v4) in the hole, his dog was digging (v4) another.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- Singular subject+was+first form of verb+ing+object.
- Plural subject+were+first form of verb+ing+object.
For example, She was driving (v4) her new car.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Singular subject+was+not+first form of verb+ing+object.
- Plural subject+were+not+first form of verb+ing+object.
For example, She was not singing (v4) a song.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Was/were+subject+first form of verb+ing+object?
- Questionword+was/were+subject+first form of verb+ing+object?
For example: Were you eating (v4) a mango?
PAST PERFECT TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.....
(i) To indicate an action that was completed before a definite time or before another action that took place in the past.
For example, Manish reached here after you had gone (v3).
(ii) It indicates desires in the past that have not been fulfilled.
For example, I wish I had not wasted (v3) my time.
(iii) It expresses those condition of the past that were impossible to fulfil.
For example: If you had questioned (v3) him earlier, things would have improved.
# Rule for Affirmative Sentences
- Subject+had+third form of verb+object
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Subject+had+not+third form of verb+object.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Had+subject+third form of verb+object?
- Question word+had +subject+third form of verb+object?
For example: Had she watched (v3) a movie?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways......
It indicates an action which began in the past and continued up to a certain point of time in the past.
For example: When we met in Lucknow, she had been studying (v4) in a city college for 3 years.
NOTES:–
*Since is used for point of Time.
*For is used to period time.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- Subject+had been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time.
For example, you had been suffering (v4) from fever since Tuesday.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- Subject+had+not+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time.
For example, they had not been going (v4) to the office since the 5th of July.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
For example: Had you not been reading (v4) the book since morning?
- Had+subject+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time?
- Question word+had+subject+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time?
FUTURE TENSE–
(Future Indefinite Tense)
(Also called Simple Future Tense)
This tense is used in the following ways......
(i) To say what we believe or think will happen in the future.
For example, I believe she will join the office tomorrow.
(ii) Things which we cannot control and are factual.
For example, The Sun will rise at 6:00 AM.
(iii) To indicate an instant decision.
For example, It is our first meeting anniversary. I shall give you a precious gift.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They (Second and Third Person Pronouns)+will+first form of verb+object.
- I/We (First Person Pronouns)+shall+first form of verb+object.
For example, He will sell (v1) in his house.
NOTE:–
But nowadays we can use will with the first-person pronoun also i.e I/We.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They(Second and Third Person Pronouns)+will+not+first form of verb+object.
- I/We(first Person Pronouns)+shall+not+first form of verb+object.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Will/Shall+subject+first form of verb+object?
- Questionword+will/shall+subject+first form of verb+object?
For example,Who will help(v1) him?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.......
(i) To indicate an action that will occur in the normal course.
For example, she will be cooking the food tomorrow.
(ii) To indicate an action that will be in progress at a given point of time in the future.
For example, We shall be visiting the zoo at this time tomorrow.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They(Second and Third Person Pronoun)+will+be+first form of verb+ing+object.
- I/We(First Person Pronoun)+shall+be+first form of verb+ing+object.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They(Second and Third Pronoun)+will+not+be+first form of verb+ing+object.
- I/We(First Person Pronoun)+shall+not+be+first form of verb+ing+object.
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Will/Shall+subject+be+first form of verb+ing+object?
- Questionword+will/shall+subject+be+first form of verb+ing+object?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE–
This tense is used to describe an action which will be completed at some point in time in the future.
For example, they will have reached(v3) home by evening.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They(Second and Third Person Pronoun)+will+have+third form of verb+object.
- I/We(First Person Pronoun)+shall+have+third form of verb+object.
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They(Second and Third Person Pronouns)+will+not+have+third form of verb+object.
- I/We(First Person Pronouns)+shall+not+have+third form of verb+object
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Will/shall+subject+have+third form of verb+object?
- Questionword+will/shall+subject+have+third form of verb+object?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE–
This tense is used in the following ways.......
It describes an action that will be in progress over a period of time that will end in the future.
For example, I shall have been working(v4) round the clock for twenty-two years next April.
# Rules for Affirmative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They(Second and Third Person Pronouns)+will+have+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time
- I/We(First Person Pronouns)+shall+have+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time
# Rules for Negative Sentences
- You/He/She/It/They(Second and Third Person Pronouns)+will+not+have+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time
- I/We(First Person Pronouns)+shall+not+have+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time
# Rules for Interrogative Sentences
- Will/shall+subject+have+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time?
- Questionword+will/shall+subject+have+been+first form of verb+ing+object+since/for+time?
So this all is known as tense which we use in our daily life directly or indirectly while speaking in English.
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